Civil Engineering

Foundation Structure: Classification of Footings Generally, In an RCC structure the applied load, moments & other forces are transmitted through the column to the foundation structure below ground level such as pile via pile cap or footings, without exceeding the safe bearing capacity. The settlement of the structure shall be kept as per tolerable limit and nearly uniform as possible. In a footing, the plan area is much larger than the cross-sectional area of the column, the load is transferred from the slabs via beam to the columns and the total load is distributed throughout the area of the footing via reinforcements & concrete. The effect of the load is transferred to the soil by bearing pressure, normally the bearing pressure of the soil is much lower than concrete & steel. In generally in India the safe bearing capacity of a particular soil ranges between 100 – 400 kN/Sq.m whereas, the permissible compressive strength of concrete is approximately 5-15 N/mm 2 ...

  Types of columns & their properties Structural Concrete member in compression are generally termed as columns & strut. The term column is used for structural member transferring loads to the ground. As per Indian Standard Code IS 456:2000 clause 25.1.1 defines the column as a compression member whose effective length exceeds three times the least lateral dimension. Whereas pedestal is termed as vertical compression members whose effective length is less than three times its least lateral dimension. Axially loaded columns may fail in any one of the following modes: Pure Compression failure- Where the column generally fails due to the axial load & Buldge at the center of the unsupported length. Combined Compression & bending failure- Where the column generally fails due to the combined effect of axial load & bending due to the presence of beams.   Failure by elastic instability. These modes generally depend on the slenderness ratio of ...