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Design of a singly reinforced concrete beam as per IS 456:2000

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Design of a singly reinforced concrete beam Example: Design of a singly reinforced concrete beam for the following data.           Clear Span of the beam – 3 m           Width of supports – 200 mm           Working live load – 6 KN/m           Grade of concrete – M20           Grade of steel – Fe-415 HYSD bars Solution: Given Data –   f ck  = 20 N/mm 2 .                         f y    = 415 N/mm 2 .                                                 Load factor = 1...
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Classification of columns

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  Types of columns & their properties Structural Concrete member in compression are generally termed as columns & strut. The term column is used for structural member transferring loads to the ground. As per Indian Standard Code IS 456:2000 clause 25.1.1 defines the column as a compression member whose effective length exceeds three times the least lateral dimension. Whereas pedestal is termed as vertical compression members whose effective length is less than three times its least lateral dimension. Axially loaded columns may fail in any one of the following modes: Pure Compression failure- Where the column generally fails due to the axial load & Buldge at the center of the unsupported length. Combined Compression & bending failure- Where the column generally fails due to the combined effect of axial load & bending due to the presence of beams.   Failure by elastic instability. These modes generally depend on the slenderness ratio of ...
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Fly ash in concrete

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           Fly ash is a fine powder which is a by-product of coal-fired electric generating plants which is considered to have a small environmental footprint, as no energy is required to manufacture it, which can be replaced in place of concrete. Fly ash is a pozzolan material & during the hydration of cement it forms cementitious material by reacting with lime in presence of moisture.         Introduction of fly ash in concrete reduces the cement consumption as it acts as a cementitious material resulting in more economic mix design as it is a by-product. It also increases long-term strength, workability, flowability (The ability of concrete to flow freely) of the concrete. Some advantages of using fly ash :- 1.     Produces various set times of Concrete: The use of fly ash in concrete enables us to control of setting time of concrete, from 0- 10% fly ash content by weight of cementitious mater...
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